Understanding counselling theory free essay sample

In this assignment, I will be explaining in more detail; the person centred model of counselling, used primarily during this Level 3 course. The concepts and principles of the model and who was responsible for them. I will be seeking the value of the person-centred model and pitting it alongside its counterparts. I shall discussing two other models, their key features and uses and compare and contrast with the person-centred model of counselling. In doing so, this will raise my knowledge and awareness, of the person-centred model and other models used within counselling. I feel it is  important, to have a solid theory foundation of all the counselling models, methods or techniques and the reasons a chosen model, would inform the practice of a qualified counsellor, before attempting to use them. I hope to discover the value, similarities and differences of these models in more depth and where they can be effective in the counselling environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding counselling theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Origins of Person-centred Counselling. The beginnings of person-centred approaches can be attributed to the work of an American psychologist Carl Rogers (1902-1987) and the how he developed what he termed as client centred therapy. His ideas and those of like-minded others were developed in America and then moved across to the UK. One of these like-minded individuals was Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) also an American psychologist influential in what was known as Third Force psychology. This was a movement that attempted to foster a humanistic approach to psychology, focusing on happiness and well-being. Maslow began as a behaviourist and his main contribution is the hierarchy of needs, a theory of needs that govern the human behaviour. These psychologists sought to move away from scientific and psychoanalysis approaches; of Freud (1856-1939) an Austrian Jewish doctor, who formulated theory of personality and psychological function, relating it to sexual repression in early childhood and his colleague Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). Rogers believed that if a client was fully listened to and heard by the therapist, that they had the resources within themselves to find their own solutions to their problems. Rather than being psychoanalysed and treated, as was the prevailing theory of Freud and his counterparts. Key concepts and principles of person-centred counselling. The key concepts of the person-centred model are:- The organismic or core self, an innate sense of self that we are born with and is authentically and genuinely us. Conditions of worth, these are the conditions placed on us as children, that influence our beliefs. If we do as is expected of us we will be loved and accepted. Self concept, this is the sense of self that develops according to how we are treated by others. This can conflict with our organismic self, which may lead to issues of incongruence and anxiety. Actualising tendency, is another key concept, it is the belief that all individuals have the resources, within themselves to grow given the right conditions. Such as Rogers comparison of the potato which he found in his cellar, in very poor conditions and yet it had still sprouted and strived, to find a way to reach the light. As would individuals who had faced adversities and negative situations would find their own unique way towards healing and growth. Locus of evaluation, the external locus of evaluation, is a reliance on externals for guidance and affirmation, characterised by ‘shoulds’ and ‘oughts’ and difficulty making decisions. The internal locus of evaluation, is the ability to trust our own self and own valuing system, less influenced by others opinions. The main principles of person centred model are the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. They are vital for building a safe therapeutic relationship, in which the client can explore fully. How does person-centred counselling, influence the understanding of the development of concept of self? Carl Rogers believed that; ‘clients become empowered to find their own solutions and their own unique, personally meaningful path through life. ’ One theory of his client centred psychotherapy was based on the idea that; ‘every person has within an acorn, able to grow into a certain kind of tree, a blueprint for a unique life’ Rogers worked with many others in developing the idea that clients could heal themselves, if only the therapist provided ‘facilitative’ or core conditions of, ‘empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. ’ Rogers used the symbolism of concept of self, being like a plant given water, soil, sun, and fertilizer. In these optimum or ‘facilitative’ conditions the client concept of self can grow and unfold like the plant. The client would become empowered to undertake their own unique journey of self-awareness and discovery. While negative situations could stunt the person, like the potato left in his cellar, the person would always find a way, through the most challenging and arduous conditions, to reach toward the light. Person centred counselling, fosters a shared sense of humanity between counsellor and client. It offers an arena of reflection and focusing, on innermost thoughts and feelings; that are rarely tapped into, in ordinary day to day circumstances. Using the simple empathic listening model, first developed by Carl Rogers; during the therapeutic process, the client will hopefully feel fully listened to, valued and respected. This humanistic approach will hopefully influence and promote a positive concept of self. How does person-centred approach inform counselling practice? The work of a person centred counsellor is non directive and non-advisory. At the core of the approach is the theory and belief that instead of analysing, diagnosing and telling clients what to do, the counsellor instead reflects back to the client, what they have said and encourages them, to continue to look more deeply into their thoughts, feelings and answers. Clients then become empowered to find their own solutions and their own sense of self, meaningfulness and unique path through life. Rogers called this technique â€Å"reflective listening† or â€Å"empathic listening. † This along with the other key concepts and core conditions, inform the qualified counsellor’s practice in several ways. The core condition of empathy and empathetic listening; involves entering into the client’s world/frame of reference and experiences. This means the counsellor, has to depart from their own opinions and feelings, to a certain extent and see the world through their client’s eyes. The core condition of congruence relates to the counsellor’s openness. It informs the counselling relationship, as the counsellor’s integrity and transparency, is intrinsic to an effective working relationship with the client. Congruence from counsellor to client informs the relationship, as it enables perceptions of the client, to be offered supportively. Unconditional positive regard shown by the counsellor towards their client can assist the therapeutic relationship to flourish. This is in essence the value and respect the counsellor conveys to their client. The client is able to feel safe and free from judgement. UPR is gifted to the client, regardless of their behaviour; they can feel at ease and the freedom to explore their innermost feelings. Key features and comparison of different models, with the person-centred model. Psychodynamic Therapy This model was developed due to the work of Sigmund Freud and many other models have developed from this approach. It is felt today, that Freud’s approach, leads other practitioners or clients to be cautious of Psychodynamic Therapy. Made up of two Greek word Psyche- spirit or mind and Dynamic which meaning changing/alive. Key features of Psychodynamic therapy:- Freud believed the personality had three parts, which co-exist in each person. The ID this is present from birth and is instinctive, self –centred and primitive. It is seen as inherent in a person’s nature or make up. It holds all our basic impulses of sex and aggression and is governed by the pleasure principle and needs regulation.

Management of Information Security and Control

Management of Information Security and Control Abstract Information is a very important ingredient of any organization. This is because no business can operate without it. In the current business environment whereby the computer has interconnected businesses and transactions are no longer carried out through paperwork, information system has become a very important part of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Management of Information Security and Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore the management of information should be one of the priorities if the organization is to be successful. However, the concern for information security has also risen in the recent past. In some business the need to protect information assets has even surpassed that of physical assets. This is so because any business in the current information environment that intends to be competitive and sustain growth must be ready to develop and exploit as well as protect its information assets. Information Security Needs of an organization Information security needs of an organization refer to reasons why an organization may find it necessary to have information security and control. They are as follows: To protect the functionality of the business because when operations are interrupted, costs that could otherwise have been avoided are incurred. Organizations need to have a system that ensures that operations are carried out smoothly which means there are no interruptions and work also goes according to plan. As such, the general manager and the IT managers need to design and implement an information system that cuts out intruders as well as human error that might interrupt operations (Whitman Mattord, 2008) Secondly, an organization needs to ensure that its operation applications are safe. These applications include electronic mail, operating system platforms as well as instant messaging. The laws governing information security award dama ges to the plaintiff and these damages are at times punitive. Therefore any organization needs to ensure that its information system cannot be used to infringe other peoples’ rights as this ends up costing the organization. This means that all information system applications need to be assessed to ensure that they do not pose a security threat to users (Whitman Mattord, 2008). Thirdly, there is the need for safeguarding technology assets in order to sustain growth. As an organization grows it needs to come up with secure software and infrastructure that helps it to sustain that growth. For instance an organization may develop innovations that help it to have an edge over its competitors.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, its networks must grow to be able to accommodate its changing needs otherwise the competitors will easily have access to i ts new technologies and use them to outdo the company. Some of the measures that can be taken to shield an organization from its competitors include protection of manufacturing procedures, chemical formulae and technological innovations (Kouns Minoli, 2010). Fourthly, there is the need to protect data that is used by organizations. An organization cannot plan effectively and deliver value to clients if it losses its record of transactions. Any business entity, government agency or any other institution that is operating in the modern business environment, where responsive services depend on information systems to provide support to transactions, must protect its data. For that data to be reliable, the management needs to ensure that the processes of collection, storage and usage cannot be interfered with. Otherwise the decisions made will not be effective or even beneficial to the organization (Kouns Minoli, 2010). Types of threats involved in the management of information securit y and appropriate control measures Threats refer to any entity person or object that poses a security risk to an organization’s assets. There are various threats that face information, systems or people of an organization. This means that the management needs to be aware of transport, processing and storage systems that need protection from threats. For instance, when an organization connects to the internet then threats that originate from the external sources are bound to increase. There are various categorizations that show the types of threats and what in the organization is faced by that threat. However, each organization needs to find out the priority threats that it needs to deal with. The prioritization will depend on the security situation of its operating environment, the exposure levels of its assets and its risk strategy (Whitman Mattord, 2008). The categories of threats include acts of human error, which refers to acts done without malicious intentions. People are likely to do mistakes when using information systems. This may be due to inadequate training, making of assumptions that are incorrect or even working under fatigue. Employees feature among the greatest security threats because they use organization’s data on a daily basis hence making them the closest threat agents. This means that their mistakes can undermine the integrity, availability as well as the confidentiality of data. Their mistakes can also pose a threat to the organization or to outsiders. For instance they can accidentally reveal classified information, delete or even modify data (Whitman Mattord, 2008)Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Management of Information Security and Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the mistakes can be prevented by carrying out continuous awareness activities, training and also setting up controls. The controls can range from the requirement t hat a user types an important command twice to the requirement that a particular command be verified by a second party. The second category of threat is debate act of trespass. This refers to an act where an unauthorized individual intentionally gains access to an organization’s protected information. Although some information gathering techniques are acceptable, some information gatherers use techniques that are beyond the legal or ethical threshold. Some of these attacks can cost the firm financially or dent its reputation with clients. This threat can be prevented by putting up controls that notify a trespasser whenever they try to access unauthorized areas. Valuable information and systems can also be protected by using sound authentication and authorization principles. Such controls use multiple factors or layers to prevent the unauthorized users from gaining access (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). Forces of nature or acts of God are another form of threats. These types of thre ats are very dangerous as they usually take place with little on no warning at all. They can interfere with data storage, its transmission or even its usage. They include the following: fire, which can burn down the building that houses part or all of the information system. Secondly, there is floods which refers to water that is overflowing to areas that are expected to be dry under normal circumstances. This can end up destroying part or all of the information system. It can also prevent access to the building that houses the system. Thirdly, there is earthquake which refers to an abrupt shaking of the earth’s crust as a result of the volcanic activity below the earth surface. This directly affects the system as it can destroy part or all of the system, as well as the building where the system is housed (Vacca, 2009). Lastly, there is lightening, which refers to a sudden natural electric discharge within the atmosphere. This also has a direct effect on the system as it can destroy part or all of the system or its power components. All these risks cannot be controlled per se; however they can be mitigated by purchasing insurance policies that address each of the insurance risks (Vacca, 2009) A software attack is another information security threat and it involves an individual or group coming up with a malicious code or malicious software to attack an organization’s information system. These programs are designed in such a way that they can damage the target systems or even deny access.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They take various forms which include viruses, which are software that attach themselves on other programs and can destroy the system when activated. Viruses can be controlled by using anti-viruses which prevent them from accessing a computer system. Secondly are worms, which are able to replicate themselves several times such that they fill the computer memory. Anti-viruses can also be used to control them as they are capable of detecting them and inhibiting their performance (Vacca, 2009) Technical hardware failure is another type of threat whereby an organization purchases equipment that has a defect from a manufacturer. The defect can be known or unknown. Such flaws can result in unexpected performance of the system such as unreliable service. These can therefore lead to losses to the organization, some which are irrevocable. The best control measure is to ensure that the organization purchases from reliable vendors who can offer products with guarantees as well as quality produ cts. However, it is also important that regular check ups and service be done to the equipments so as to be able to detect defects in advance and correct them (Vacca, 2009). Risk management Before defining risk management it is important to define the key terms that make up its definition. Threat: refers to any event, object or circumstance which has the possibility and capability of adversely affecting an organizations asset, through destruction, denial of service or unauthorized access. Vulnerability: refers to the â€Å"existence of a weakness in design or implementation or an error that can result in undesirable or unexpected event that may compromise the security of the information system† (Alberts Dorofee, 2002 p. 28). Therefore, risk management is a process whereby vulnerabilities as well as threats and potential impacts that are as result of security incidents are evaluated against safeguard implementation costs (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). Risk management strategies ar e developed and implemented so as to reduce adverse impacts and to provide a framework that can be used to make consistent decisions concerning the options of risk mitigation. Risk management is broadly divided in to two phases: the first one is risk assessment which involves identifying threats and assessing the possibility and ability that the threats can exploit some vulnerability of the organization as well as the impact in the event that the threat happens. The other stage involves risk treatment; where an organization responds to the risks identified earlier. Risk management is important to the organization because it helps the management to determine the protection needed by various assets at the most efficient cost. Investment in risk management is beneficial both now and in the future and to everyone that deals with the organization (Alberts Dorofee, 2002). Risk Assessment This process has various stages which include: first identification of assets where the assets of the organization are identified and their value is determined. Secondly, there is threat identification and assessment of threats. This involves identifying the categories of threats and the adversaries that pose the threats as well as their motives. Such threats can be terrorists who want attention, political activists fighting for some rights or disgruntled employees who feel wronged by the company. The next step in assessment of threats is determining the adversary’s capability, how frequent the threat can occur and the extent of damage it can cause on the related asset (Kouns Minoli, 2010). When documenting the adversaries it is important to consider technical and human capabilities as well as their modes of operation. These include even those parties that are able to cooperate with them as well as how easy they can communicate with them. Being that threat is the most difficult to assess, it is important that both facts and assumptions are recorded. Lastly there is the dete rmination of vulnerability level of each of the assets that need protection. Here an in depth knowledge of the capabilities of countermeasures that an organization has is important. As a result an appropriate scale can be developed for measuring (Kouns Minoli, 2010). The third stage of risk assessment is analytical risk management. Here the threats and vulnerabilities are evaluated in regard to the respective assets so as to provide an expert opinion on the possibility of loss and the impact as guideline for action. In order to asses the risk effectively and to determine what to prioritize in asset protection one should do the following: first, estimate what level of impact the undesirable events have compared to each target asset. This involves reviewing the impacts based on the information acquired on vulnerabilities and threats. As a result the ratings can either increase or reduce (Calder, Watkins Watkins, 2010). Secondly, estimate how likely an attack can happen from the pote ntial threats. This involves evaluating the adversary’s capabilities, his intentions and other details of their history. After this, rating is done to determine the most and least likely threat. Thirdly, estimate the probability that a given vulnerability will be taken advantage of by a given threat. Here a review is done on the vulnerability ratings that were done previously. Armed with information from all the ratings done, an overall level of risk of the information system is done. As a result suggestions of measures to be taken are made (Calder, Watkins Watkins, 2010). Risk Treatment This is the ultimate goal of risk management as information from the assessment stage is used to determine the appropriate treatment measures that will be implemented. There are various options available in treating risk. It can be reduced, avoided, accepted or even transferred. However a combination of more than one option is also possible. There are various factors that determine which opt ions to pick and these include the cost incurred each time the event associated with the risk happens, the expected frequency with which it will happen, the attitude of the organization concerning risk, availability of resources and the current priorities of the organization concerning technology (Roper, 1999). When an organization chooses to reduce risk, it will have to choose whether to reduce the chances of occurring or reduce the chances of the adversary exploiting vulnerability or even reduce the effect of the threat should it successfully occur. The organization can also choose to accept the risk when reducing is not possible. This includes lack of appropriate measures to be implemented, whose costs outweigh the losses to be prevented. In cases where the risk cannot be reduced to acceptable levels it can be transferred to a third party, for instance to an insurance firm by buying a policy to protect the property against the threat (Roper, 1999). Risk avoidance is another optio n, whereby the firm chooses to avoid all business dealings that are associated with the risk. After identifying the risk treatment decisions to use, the next step is implementing the decisions. This is later followed with monitoring and reviewing stage, which is a continuous process as long as the organization is in operation. However, risk cannot be eliminated completely and instead it can only be minimized to acceptable levels. What remains after minimization is referred to as residual risk. There are chances that the residual risk can grow to unacceptable levels and this shows another importance of monitoring and reviewing (Roper, 1999). Importance of information security and control management Research has shown that most managers as well as employees do not regard information as a primary priority particularly because it seems not to have a direct impact as effectiveness and efficiency. This calls for training to create awareness on its importance and its roles. Different level s of management should be given specialized training on the relevance of information security in their level. Then the link between the training and the organization needs at each level should be established. In addition the training should be customized to focus on specific security issues (Isaca, 2010). An organization’s failures related to security can really be costly to a business. These costs can be recovery costs or even reputation costs. When an organization’s system is easily accessed by intruders, it ends up losing confidence from the public. As a result customers will be reluctant to deal with them. Therefore it is important that an organization invest in designing and development of effective information system. This calls for an organization to develop an information security policy which defines its information system as well as the access to its information property. It also explains the control measures that are appropriate for the organization. As a re sult the company increases its efficiency in managing its information assets (Kadam, 2002). In addition, an information system that has effective security and control measures in place can be an area of competitive advantage to an organization. This is because in such a system customers’ and suppliers’ documents will not be lost or be destroyed. Particularly because access to the system is controlled and incase part or all of the system is destroyed, back ups are available. Stakeholders are therefore attracted to such an organization as they feel that their documents will be secure. On the other hand the organization is able to plan how to better meet the stakeholders’ needs using the reliable information (Kadam, 2002). Conclusion Every organization has a need for information security and control. Therefore, when designing and implementing the information system the management must ensure that it meets those needs. An assessment of the organization should be don e to find out the needs and get information that will help in addressing the needs effectively. The assessment includes assessing the assets of the organization, the threats it is facing and its vulnerable areas. As a result the organization becomes equipped with adequate information that can help it come up with effective treatment decisions and in the end these decisions are implemented. In addition, the system should be monitored and evaluated continuously to ensure that the system is actually meeting the objectives which it is meant to. References Alberts, C. J. and Dorofee, A. J. (2002). Managing information security risks: the OCTAVE approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Calder, A., Watkins, S. and Watkins, S. G. (2010). Information Security Risk Management for ISO27001/ISO27002. Cambridgeshire: IT Governance Ltd. Isaca. (2010). CISA Review Manual 2011. Rolling Meadows, IL: ISACA. Kadam, A. (2002, September). Why Information Security is important for your organi zation: Network Magazine. Retrieved from networkmagazineindia.com/200209/security2.shtml Kouns, J. and Minoli, D. (2010). Information Technology Risk Management in Enterprise Environments: A Review of Industry Practices and a Practical Guide to Risk Management Teams. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Son. Roper, C. A., (1999). Risk management for security professionals. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Vacca, J. R. (2009). Computer and information security handbook. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann. Whitman, M. and Mattord, H. J. (2008). Principles of Information Security. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning EMEA.

Production analysis and strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Production analysis and strategy - Essay Example sand units every day, our production strategy was diverted to other initiatives to ensure profitability; we commenced carefully controlling prices, intensified marketing & product promotion and more importantly also concentrated on repaying our loan. Improvements in the lean manufacturing were particularly useful when we needed to switch production and therefore expended some significant amounts on the strategy. There were very few changeovers; we switched to the production of 500g varieties. Lean manufacturing also played an advantageous role by allowing the exploitation less competitive areas quicker than the other companies. We also spent a lot on production which translated to a high capacity in production; eventually this was one of our greatest competitive edge as compared to the other firms in the market place. When competition started cutting into our margins, we were able to maintain volumes in sales thanks to our strategies of continued diversification, investment in marketing & product promotion and strategic pricing. We therefore maintained a steady production and sales volumes despite the entry of other firms in the market. A critical factor in our strategy was production capacity; a steady and increasing production capacity gave us the much needed economies of scale. We managed therefore to spread costs through higher production capacities with net effect of reduced cost of production. With the increasing production capacity and reducing costs of production our team should be able to keep up with customer demands and also venture into new markets. Strategic gaps can be seen more especially with the decreasing production capacities of team D and this is therefore a potential markets for future entry. In the framework of VRIN analysis, our production capacity proved to have a very high value as it presented us with a unique opportunity to venture into underserved markets. We therefore were in a position give value to customers by ensuring their

JR Face to Face street art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JR Face to Face street art - Essay Example JR Face to Face street art Starting his art career from the streets of Paris, the work of JR has often challenges the wide perceptions of images propagated by advertising channels and the media. He seeks to combine art and action dealing with commitment as well as identity and limits. He has been described differently by different people.   Fabrice Bousteau  introduces him as the figure already being regarded as Cartier-Bresson of the 21st century. He began his art career as a teenage graffiti artist who was pulled by the passion and interested in making a mark in the society rather than the interest of changing the world. His work then targeted conspicuous places like rooftops, subways, train and sidewalks and framed them so that they would not be confused with advertising. At the age of 17, he and his friends after finding a camera begun taking photographs and pated them on walls in a bid to send certain messages to the people. His biggest intention of doing art in a large scale was basically to influenc e people to change the world. The particularly aimed at changing the perceptions of the people and their thoughts in order to create a better society, which people are mindful of one another. Without any payment, JR and his friends started out in different cities around the world taking photographs and pasting them on building walls.In the period between 2004 and 2006, he created what is commonly referred to as the portrait of a generation, a project that included young people who were included in the housing program. In large format, he pasted these pictures in large format of walls of houses and commercial buildings in order to bring art closer to the people who do not visit the museums. Initially, it was deemed illegal, but was later legalized and when the City of Paris put his photos on buildings2. Project face to face was meant to bring the true identity of the true Israelis and Palestinians by putting photos of different people face to face. In eight cities of Palestine and Is rael, Marco and JR took the initiative of painting the pictures. While some of the people opposed the move especially the authorities, most of them were excited and supported their work. They volunteered to be photographed and allowed them to paste their pictures anywhere they wanted. In the project, they were constrained with resources. They had no money, and relied heavily on well-wishers3. They got two ladders, which were very old and rusty, a single camera and 20,000 feet of paper. The project however was a big success. They managed to photograph different kinds of people who did different kinds of work. From taxi drivers to cooks, carpenters and teachers, they sought to include all kinds of people in any profession. At one point they put two photographs of a Palestinian and an Israeli and asked people to tell the difference of who was who. By drawing reference to two photographs from the project, this paper will look at the face to face project, comparing them using their simil arities and differences and try to evaluate the impact they had on the people. More importantly however, it will seek to answer the question as to whether JR and his six friends succeeded in their mission. Were they successful in proving that what is perceived to be impossible could be possible? During the whole project, JR and his friends were dedicated to prove to the world that all people were similar regardless of

Language, Culture and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Language, Culture and Communication - Essay Example In both paintings, light is important in focusing the attention on central and peripheral matter, bringing them to prominence. The subjects are both well-rounded women with dark hair and eyes, and their positions show the artist intended the viewer to focus on them. They both seem to be of similar age and both compositions are triangular. Their eyes are downcast and mouths are slightly pursed, representing different moods. Differences in technique and intent, with light coming from outside the paintings, bring motion to the pictures, creating light and dark. The complementary light and dark colours show the moods. Both wear white and again light and shadow add texture to the clothing. Both seem to be thinking of making a decision, with Gabrielle's being about what jewel to wear, and how she looks in the mirror, while the Brooding Woman has something more serious on her mind. From the way they are both sitting, the feeling comes across that they both trusted the artists who were paint ing them. The contrasts are more in the style of painting than the main subjects. Looking first at the women, their expressions of thoughtfulness create the mood, but the differences lie in the intention of the painter. Gabrielle is comfortable, almost cosy, with a less important decision to bother her, while the Brooding Woman has something heavy on her mind. She is more sad and lost, her shoulders sag, and their position can also be seen on the dog in the background. She is fully clothed, while Gabrielle is happy to be half-undressed. The Brooding Woman seems to be looking into herself for answers and Gabrielle looks outward towards her mirror. Symbolism is another contrast, because the background in Gaugin's picture seems to have something to do with the woman's state of mind, and her dejected body

Hdfc Bank Essay Example for Free

Hdfc Bank Essay The first modern bank was founded in Italy in Genoa in 1406, its name was Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George). Many other financial activities were added over time. For example banks are important players in financial markets and offer financial services such as investment funds. In some countries such as Germany, banks are the primary owners of industrial corporations while in other countries such as the United States banks are prohibited from owning non-financial companies. In Japan, banks are usually the nexus of cross share holding entity known as zaibatsu. In France Bancassurance is highly present, as most banks offer insurance services (and now real estate services) to their clients. 1.2 DEFINITION: The definition of a bank varies from country to country. Under English law, a bank is defined as a person who carries on the business of banking, which is specified as: †¢ Conducting current accounts for his customers †¢ Paying cheques drawn on him, and †¢ Collecting cheques for his customers. 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The Objective of this on the job training is to study the importance of the potential customers and their value to the bank and creating the awareness among them about the importance of current accounts and keep a good relationship with them for the bank’s benefit. 1.4 ORIGIN OF THE BANK: The name bank derives from the Italian word banco desk/bench, used during the Renaissance by Florentines bankers, who used to make their transactions above a desk covered by a green tablecloth. However, there are traces of banking activity even in ancient times. In fact, the word traces its origins back to the Ancient Roman Empire, where moneylenders would set up their stalls in the middle of enclosed courtyards called macella on a long bench called a bancu, from which the words banco and bank are derived. As a moneychanger, the merchant at the bancu did not so much invest money as merely convert the foreign currency into the only legal tender in Rome- that of the Imperial Mint. 1.5 PRESENT STATUS OF THE BANK: Worldwide assets of the largest 1,000 banks grew 15.5% in 2005 to reach a record $60.5 trillion. This follows a 19.3% increase in the previous year. EU banks held the largest share, 50% at the end of 2005, up from 38% a decade earlier. The growth in Europe’s share was mostly at the expense of Japanese banks whose share more than halved during this period from 33% to 13%. The share of US banks also rose, from 10% to 14%. Most of the remainder was from other Asian and European countries. . The US had by far the most banks (7,540 at end-2005) and branches (75,000) in the world. The large number of banks in the US is an indicator of its geography and regulatory structure, resulting in a large number of small to medium sized institutions in its banking system. Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In 2004, Germany, France, and Italy had more than 30,000 branches each—more than double the 15,000 branches in the UK. 1,6 FUTURE OF THE BANK : The future is integration as people will have less time for banking. People will want to process more transactions on the Internet. There will be more activity in terms of applications and services on the mobile. Geography will not be an inhibitor any more as everything is executable on the Net. Integration is the next real big thing. As a customer you will want a one-stop shop that will take care of all your needs. For instance people will want to buy their mutual funds, redeem their mutual fund, buy insurance policies, renew policies, buy cinema tickets, railway tickets, and numerous similar transactions through the bank. The ATM will still serve as a cash dispensing medium, but the Internet and mobile will be very active. [pic] 2.1 ORIGIN OF THE ORGANIZATION : H.D.F.C was set up on 17th October, 1977 by I.C.I.C.I. out of the consideration that a specialized institution was needed to channel household savings as well as funds from the capital market into the housing sector. H.D.F.C. has emerged as the largest mortgage finance institution in the country. The main objective of H.D.F.C. is to develop significant expertise in retail mortgage loans to different market segments and to have a large corporate client base for its housing related credit facilities. The main aim of H.D.F.C. is to support or aid in the promotion of home ownership. H.D.F.C. is Indias leading housing finance company and for all practical purposes is synonymous with the domestic housing finance industry. The primary objective of H.D.F.C is to enhance residential housing stock and promote home ownership. One of its major objectives is to increase flow of resources for housing through the integration of housing financial institutions with the domestic market. H.D.F.C. has developed a strong market reputation large shareholder base and unique consumer franchise. H.D.F.C. is Indias premier housing finance company in India as well as in international markets. It has maintained a consistent and healthy growth in its operations to remain the clear market leader in mortgages in India. The company has been constantly engaged into innovation and innovative practices since its birth. 2.2 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION: HDFC Bank reported a 43 percent growth in net profit at Rs.75.5 crore for the third quarter ended December 31, 2001, as against Rs 52.8 crore in the corresponding quarter previous fiscal. The jump in net profit was primarily due to other income which almost doubled to Rs 85.5 crore from Rs 47.5 crore. Speaking to analysts at a conference call today, January 15, 2002, Paresh Suthankar, head – credit risk and investments, reiterated the bank’s earlier guidance of a 25-30 per cent compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) in its top line for the next two to three years. The bank does not see any reason to revisit its guidance and stands by it. It expects the projections to hold true as long as the market environment is relatively stable and does not move to an extreme of either a boom or a total bottoming out. The bank is open to acquisitions as a vehicle of growth, but any growth via acquisitions would be over and above its projected growth rate of 25-30 per cent. At present, it is not working on any deal but there are acquisition prospects in the Indian scene, giving rise to opportunities for inorganic growth. The bank’s exposure to capital markets is around 6-7 per cent, against the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) norms of 5 per cent. The bank expects to bring it down to within the stipulated limit by the end of this fiscal. The bank has made a lot of headway in its retail thrust with retail accounts going up to 1.9 million from 1.4 million a year back. The branch network now stands at 147 outlets in 63 cities and the ATM network at 360 compared to 231 ATMs as on March 31, 2001. The debit card base is at six lakh. On the advances side, car loans have really picked up and now form almost 50 per cent of the total retail advances, with the remaining being accounted for by loan against securities and other loans. In fact in case of car loans, the bank now covers around 30 cities against just eight-nine a year back. 2.3 PRESENT STATUS OF THE ORGANIZATION: HDFC Bank Limited provides various financial products and services. It operates in three segments: Personal Banking, NRI Banking, and Wholesale Banking. The Personal Banking segment provides savings, and current and fixed deposit accounts. It also offers personal, home, two wheeler, new car, used car, gold, education, healthcare, commercial vehicle, working capital, construction equipment, and warehouse receipt loans. In addition, this segment provides safe deposit lockers; credit, debit, and prepaid cards; mutual funds, general and health insurance, bonds, and equities and derivatives products; and forex and payment services. The NRI Banking segment’s deposit products include rupee savings accounts, rupee current accounts, rupee fixed deposits, foreign currency deposits, and accounts for returning Indians. Its loan products comprise home loans, loans against securities, loans against deposits, and gold credit cards. The Wholesale Banking segment offers funded services, which consist of working capital finance, short term finance, bill discounting, and export credit; and non-funded services, such as letters of credit, bank guarantees, and collection of documents to corporations, and small and medium enterprises. It also various services to banks, financial institutions, mutual funds, stock brokers, insurance companies, commodity businesses, and trusts. As of March 31, 2008, it had a network of 761 branches and 1,977 automated teller machines in 327 cities in India. [pic] 2.4 FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION: HDFC Bank Limited is located in New Friends Colony, New Delhi. This organization Includes functional departments as follows: 1. Current Account Department 2. Saving Account Department 3. Trade Department 4. Salary Department 5. Cash Department 6. Demat Account Department 2.5 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND CHART: [pic] 2.6 PRODUCT AND SERVICE PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION: HDFC Bank mainly provides three kinds of banking services: †¢ Personal Banking †¢ NRI Banking †¢ Wholesale Banking The following are the products and services provided by the HDFC bank HDFC Bank provides loans like Personal Loans , Home Loans , Educational Loans , Two Wheeler Loans , New car Loans, Used Car Loans, Overdraft Against Car, Express Loans, etc. HDFC Bank provides Credit, Debit and Prepaid Cards to help you meet your financial objectives. HDFC Bank provides facilities like Mutual Funds, Insurance, General Health Insurance, Bonds, Financial Planning, Knowledge Center, Equities Derivatives, and Mudra Gold bar. If you need to deal in foreign currency and keep tabs on exchange rates every now and then, transfer funds to India, make payments etc., HDFC Bank has a range of products and services that you can choose from to transact smoothly, efficiently and in a timely manner. With HDFC Bank’s payment services, you can bid goodbye to queues and paper work. HDFC’s range of payment options make it easy to pay for a variety of utilities and services. HDFC Bank provides many types of accounts like: †¢ Saving Account †¢ Current Account †¢ Demat Account †¢ Salary Account HDFC Bank has designed two programs to make banking easier for the customers and they are †¢ HDFC Bank Preferred Programme †¢ HDFC Bank Classic Programme. HDFC Bank offers Private Banking services to high net worth individuals and institutions. HDFC Bank offers you quick, economical and convenient options to remit and transfer funds to India. Corporate Banking reflects HDFC Bank’s strengths in providing our corporate clients in India, a wide array of commercial, transactional and electronic banking products. HDFC Bank acts as an active medium between the government and the customers by means of various services. 2.7 CURRENT ACCOUNT IN DETAIL: Features Benefits: [pic]Free Account to account funds transfer between HDFC Bank accounts Free payment and collection through RTGS. Free payment and collection using NEFT (through Net banking) Free up to 50 Demand Drafts per month and can be issued from any HDFC Bank Branch Free up to 50 Pay Orders (PO) per month and can be issued from any HDFC Bank Branch. Free anywhere collection payment transactions (clearing) within HDFC Bank branch network (except Dahej), up to Rs.100 lacs per month. Convenience to withdraw deposit cash at all our branches* Free 300 At Par cheques leaves per month. Register for InstaAlert service and receive updates on your account as and when the select transaction happens all this without visiting the branch or ATM! HDFC Bank offers you Doorstep Banking*, a channel, which is convenient, secure and hassle-free. Now, you can enjoy the benefits of banking right at your doorstep. The Bank will arrange to render the services like Cash Cheque Pickup and Cash Delivery, through a reputed agency. Enjoy facilities like 24-hour Phone Banking, Net Banking and Mobile Banking that helps you check your balance transaction details, find out the status of your cheque or stop cheque payment. Fees Charges for Plus Current Account: Minimum Balance (Average Quarterly Balance)-Rs. 100,000/- Non-Maintenance Charges per quarterCharge of Rs.6,000/- per quarter, if AQB is less than Rs.50,000/- Charge of Rs.1, 500/- per quarter, if AQB is less than Rs. 100,000/- but = Rs. 50,000/- Cheque Book Charges (Issued by Bank)-Payable-at-par Free 300 cheques leave per month. Charges Rs 2/- per leaf beyond 300 leaves Remittance facility through own Bank: Demand Drafts (DD) payable HDFC Bank Locations (Issued from any branch) / Duplicate DDFree up to 50 DDs per month. Above 50 transactions, charges @ Rs. 25/- per Demand draft Pay Orders (PO) on HDFC Bank Locations (Issued from Any Branch) / Duplicate PO Free up to 50 POs per month. Above 50 transactions, charges @ Rs. 25/- per Pay-order Issuance of DD/ PO through Phone BankingAll standard charges for DD / PO are applicable as above. Only DD / PO amount up to Rs 500,000/- are accepted at Phone banking. DD/PO-Cancellation/RevalidationRs.50/- per instrument NEFT/EFT Transactions: Payments-Free CollectionsFree RTGS Transactions: Payments-Free CollectionsFree Local Transactions (At home branch location) : Local cheques collections paymentsFree Account to Account Fund Transfer within HDFC Bank- Free Anywhere Transactions (except Dahej) Account to Account Fund Transfer within HDFC Bank-Free Payments Collections at HDFC Bank Locations-Free up to Rs.100 lacs per month, beyond which charges @ Rs. 0.50/1000, min Rs. 25 Bulk Transaction ChargesAll transactions are subject to a maximum of 250 transactions per month, beyond which charges @ Rs.5/- per transaction would be levied. Includes all Local / Anyhwere clearing and transfer transactions Remittance facility through other Bank: Issue of Demand Drafts (DD) / Duplicate DD (Correspondent tieup)Rs.2.00 per Rs.1000/- Minimum Rs.50/- DD-Cancellation / Revalidation-Rs.50/- per instrument Cheque Collection: Outstation through own bankCollection: Free, only courier charges of Rs 20 per instrument Outstation through another bank (Correspondent bank locations) : Rs.4/- per Rs.1,000/-, min Rs.50/-For Clean locations (non-correspondent bank locations) Non-MICR Cheques: Rs.6.5/- per Rs.1,000/-, min Rs 50 (inclusive of courier charge of Rs 25) Cash Transactions : 1. Cash Deposit Cash Deposit-Home Branch Location-Free up to Rs.10 lacs per month or 50 transactions which ever is lower, Deposit in excess of Rs.10 lacs or 50 transactions will be charged @ Rs.2/- per Rs.1,000/-, minimum Rs.50/-. (Cash deposit at non-home branches within home-branch city subject to limit of Rs.100, 000/- per account per day) Cash Deposit -Non Home locationMaximum Rs.100, 000/- per day. Charges @ Rs. 3/1000, min Rs. 50 2. Cash Withdrawal Cash Withdrawal-Home BranchFree at Home Branch Cash Withdrawal-Non Home Branch-Intercity IntracityFree up to Rs.50,000/- per day, beyond which charges @ Rs.2/1000, min Rs.50/- (Only for incremental amount), Third party cash withdrawal allowed only up to maximum Rs. 50,000/- per transaction. Features Benefits [pic]Free Account to account funds transfer between HDFC Bank accounts. Free RTGS/NEFT Transactions. Free up to 30 Demand Drafts (DD) per month and can be issued from any HDFC Bank Branch. Free up to 30 Pay Orders (PO) per month and can be issued from any HDFC Bank Branch. Free anywhere collection payment within HDFC Bank branch network (except Dahej), up to Rs.50 lacs per month. Convenience to withdraw deposit cash at all our branches* Free 200 At Par cheque leaves per month. Register for InstaAlert service and receive updates on your account as and when the select transaction happens all this without visiting the branch or ATM! Fees Charges for Trade Current Account [pic]Description of Charges Minimum Balance (Average Quarterly Balance) -Rs. 40,000/- Non-Maintenance Charges per quarterCharge of Rs.1,200/- per quarter, if AQB is less than Rs.40,000/- Cheque Book Charges (Issued by Bank) -Payable-at-par 200 cheques leave Free per month. Charges Rs 2/- per leaf beyond 200 leaves Remittance facility through own Bank Demand Drafts (DD) payable HDFC Bank Locations (Issued from any branch) / Duplicate DD Free up to 30 DDs per month. Above 30 transactions, charges @ Rs. 25/- per Demand draft Pay Orders (PO) on HDFC Bank Locations (Issued from Any Branch) / Duplicate PO Free up to 30 POs per month. Above 30 transactions, charges @ Rs. 25/- per Pay-order Issuance of DD/ PO through Phone Banking All standard charges for DD / PO are applicable as above. Only DD / PO amount up to Rs. 500,000/- are accepted at Phone banking. DD/PO-Cancellation/Revalidation-Rs.50/- per instrument NEFT/EFT Transactions: PaymentsFree CollectionsFree RTGS Transactions : PaymentsFree CollectionsFree Local Transactions (At home branch location) Local cheques collections payments-Free Account to Account Fund Transfer within HDFC Bank -Free Anynhwere Transactions (except Dahej) Account to Account Fund Transfer within HDFC BankFree Payments Collections at HDFC Bank LocationsFree up to Rs.50 lacs per month, beyond which charges @ Rs. 0.50/1000, min Rs. 25 Bulk Transaction Charges All transactions are subject to a maximum of 150 transactions per month, beyond which charges @ Rs.5/- per transaction would be levied. Includes all Local / Anywhere clearing and transfer transactions. Remittance facility through other Bank Issue of Demand Drafts (DD) / Duplicate DD (Correspondent tie up) Rs.2.00 per Rs.1000/- Minimum Rs.50/- DD-Cancellation / Revalidation-Rs.50/- per instrument Cheque Collection Outstation through own bankRs. 0.50/1000, min Rs. 25 per instrument Outstation through another bank-Correspondent bank locations: Rs.4/- per Rs. 1, 000/-, min Rs.50/-For Clean locations (non-correspondent bank locations) Non-MICR Cheques: Rs.6.5/- per Rs.1,000/-, min Rs 50 (inclusive of courier charge of Rs 25) Cash Transactions 1. Cash Deposit Cash Deposit-Home Branch Location Free up to Rs.5 lacs per month or 40 transactions which ever is lower, Deposit in excess of Rs.5 lacs or 40 transactions will be charged @ Rs.2/- per Rs.1,000/-, minimum Rs.50/-. (Cash deposit at non-home branches within home branch city subject to limit of Rs. 50,000/- per account per day) Cash Deposit -Non Home location Maximum Rs.50, 000/- per day. Charges @ Rs. 3/1000, min Rs. 50 2. Cash Withdrawal Cash Withdrawal-Home Branch Free at Home Branch Cash Withdrawal-Non Home Branch-Intercity Intracity Free cash withdrawals up to Rs.50, 000/- per day, beyond which charges @ Rs.2/1000, min Rs.50/- (Only for incremental amount), Third party cash withdrawal allowed only up to maximum Rs. 50,000/- per transaction. HDFC Bank Trade offers you a host of features that sets it apart from regular Current Accounts that most banks offer. They are: Free inter-city clearing between HDFC Bank branch locations (except Dahej) up to Rs.50 lakhs per month. Free Accounts to account funds transfer between HDFC Bank accounts, inter-city. Free up to 30 Pay-orders per month. Free up to 30 demand-drafts per month. Free RTGS NEFT Transactions. Features Benefits Free anywhere collection payment within HDFC Bank branch network (except Dahej), up to Rs.25 lacs per month, incremental amount to be charged @ Rs.1.50 per Rs.1,000/-, min Rs.25/- Free NEFT Transactions. Free RTGS collection. RTGS payment @ Rs.100/- per transaction. Inter-city Account to accounts funds transfer between HDFC Bank accounts at a nominal charge of Rs.15/- per transactions. Free Demand Drafts (DD) above Rs.100,000/-. Demand drafts up to Rs.50,000/- at flat cost of Rs.40/-. DDs above Rs.50,000/- up to Rs.100,000/- at nominal cost of Rs.25/- and can be issued from any HDFC Bank Branch . Free Pay Order (PO) above Rs.100,000/-. Pay Order up to Rs.50,000/- at flat cost of Rs.40/-. POs above Rs.50,000/- up to Rs.100,000/- at nominal cost of Rs.25/- and can be issued from any HDFC Bank Branch . Free 100 At Par cheque leaves per month Register for InstaAlert service and receive updates on your account as and when the select transaction happens all this without visiting the branch or ATM! Fees Charges for Premium C/A Description of Charges Minimum Balance (Average Quarterly Balance) -Rs. 25,000/- Non-Maintenance Charges per quarterCharge of Rs.900/- per quarter, if AQB is less than Rs.25, 000/- Cheque Book Charges (Issued by Bank) Payable-at-par100 cheques leaves Free per month. Charges Rs 2/- per leaf beyond 100 leaves Other Current Account facilities Issue of Duplicate / Adhoc Statement Branch: Rs 100/- per statement * Phone Banking: Rs 50/- per statement (Non IVR) and Rs 30/- per statement (IVR) Net Banking: Rs 30/- per statement ATM Mobile Banking: Rs 50/- per statement. Mode of calculation of minimum average quarterly balance Average of daily closing balances of each day spread over a period of three months. Remittance facility through own Bank Demand Drafts (DD) payable HDFC Bank Locations (Issued from any branch) / Duplicate DD DD Amount Up to Rs. 50,000 charges Rs. 40/- per DD, Above Rs. 50,000 and up to Rs. 100,000- Rs. 25/-, Above Rs. 100,000- Free Pay Orders (PO) -on HDFC Bank Locations (Issued from Any Branch) / Duplicate PO PO amount Up to Rs. 50,000 charges Rs. 40/- per PO, Above Rs. 50,000 and up to Rs. 100,000 Rs. 25/-, Above Rs. 100,000- Free Issuance of DD/ PO through Phone Banking: All standard charges for DD / PO are applicable as above. Only DD / PO amount up to Rs 500,000/- are accepted at Phone banking. DD/PO-Cancellation/RevalidationRs.50/- per instrument NEFT/EFT Transactions: PaymentsFree Collections-Free RTGS Transactions: PaymentsRs. 100/- per transaction Collections-Free Local Transactions (At home branch location) Local cheques collections payments-Free Account to Account Fund Transfer within HDFC Bank -Free Anywhere Transactions (except Dahej) Account to Account Fund Transfer within HDFC Bank Rs.15/- per transaction Payments Collections at HDFC Bank Locations Free up to Rs. 25 lacs per month, Charges at Rs.1.50/1000, min Rs. 25 Bulk Transaction Charges: All transactions are subject to a maximum of 100 transactions per month, beyond which charges @ Rs.5/- per transaction would be levied. Includes all Local / Anywhere clearing and transfer transactions. Remittance facility through other Bank: Issue of Demand Drafts (DD) / Duplicate DD (Correspondent tie up) -Rs.2.00 per Rs.1000/- Minimum Rs.50/- DD-Cancellation / Revalidation-Rs.50/- per instrument Cheque Collection: Outstation through own bank Rs.2.50 per Rs.1, 000/- for Cheques drawn on HDFC Bank Locations, min Rs. 50 per instrument. Outstation through another bank Correspondent bank locations: Rs.4/- per Rs.1, 000/-, min Rs.50/-For Clean locations (non-correspondent bank locations) Non-MICR Cheques: Rs.6.5/- per Rs.1, 000/-, min Rs 50 (inclusive of courier charge of Rs 25) Cash Transactions 1. Cash Deposit Cash Deposit-Home Branch Location Free up to Rs.3 lacs per month or 25 transactions which ever is lower, Deposit in excess of Rs.3 lacs or 25 transactions will be charged @ Rs.2/- per Rs.1,000/-, minimum Rs.50/-. (Cash deposit at non-home branches within home branch city subject to limit of Rs. 25,000/- per account per day) Cash Deposit -Non Home location Maximum Rs.25, 000/- per day. Charges @ Rs. 3/1000, min Rs. 50 2. Cash Withdrawal Cash Withdrawal-Home Branch-Free at Home Branch Cash Withdrawal-Non Home Branch-Intercity Intracity Free cash withdrawals up to Rs.25,000/- per day, beyond which charges @ Rs.2/1000, min Rs. 50/- (Only for incremental amount), Third party cash withdrawal allowed only up to maximum Rs.50,000/- per transaction. With HDFC Bank Flexi Current Account your Cash Deposit and Anywhere Transaction limits are a multiple of the balance you maintain in your Current Account. So, during peak seasons, you get the benefit of higher transaction limits due to the higher average balances maintained in your account. What’s more, during lean seasons, you need not bother about maintaining huge balances to enjoy high transaction limits, which you anyway may not need. Flexi Current Account requires you to maintain a minimum Average Monthly Balance (AMB) of just Rs. 75,000. Features Benefits Enjoy dynamic free limits on Intercity Payments, Collections Funds Transfer as well as Cash Deposit at home location branches based on the AMB maintained* For example, you maintain an AMB of Rs.2,00,000/- in a particular month. Your dynamic free transaction limits for that month would be as per the following table: [pic] TransactionDynamic Free Limits* Cash Deposit at Home Branch Location Anywhere Payments, Collections Funds Transfer (except Dahej) Free up to Rs.1, 00, 00,000/- in that particular month Pay your vendors on a real time basis using Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) available across 23,000 Bank Branches*. What’s more, payments and collections through RTGS are completely free! Make and receive remittances to from your vendors customers across 20,000 + Bank Branches of more than 50 Banks through Net Banking using National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT), Absolutely Free! Free 40 Demand Drafts Free 40 Pay Orders issued from any HDFC Bank Branch* Convenience to withdraw and deposit cash at all our branches*. Competitive pricing on Demand Drafts drawn on Correspondent Banking Locations as well as Outstation Cheque Collection at HDFC Bank Locations InstaAlert service receive updates on your account as and when the select transaction happens – all this without visiting the Branch or ATM! The top position is always the coveted position. With the Apex current account, take your business to a new high. On maintaining an average quarterly balance of Rs. 10 lakhs, this account makes sure you make the most of every business opportunities coming your way. Unlimited, free, anywhere Banking experience at the APEX is reserved for you. Features Benefits Maximum transactional benefits with faster mobilization of funds Average quarterly balance requirement of Rs. 10, 00,000/- Access to more than 750 branches Huge cost savings in inter-city transactions for payable-at-par cheque issuance, funds transfers, NEFT, RTGS or Demand Draft / Pay Order Faster collection of outstation cheques Free Intercity Cheque Collection Payments within HDFC Bank Network (excluding Dahej). Free Account to Account funds transfer between HDFC Bank accounts. Free payment and collection through RTGS Free payment and collection using NEFT (through NetBanking) Free Demand Drafts which can be issued from any HDFC Bank branch Free Pay Orders which can be issued from any HDFC Bank branch Convenience to withdraw and deposit cash at all our branches* Free Cash Deposit up to Rs. 100 lacs per month across all home branches (subject to a maximum of 50 transactions per month and a per day limit of Rs.1,00,000/- on cash deposit at a non home branch) Choice of local / Payable at Par Cheques. Free 500 leaves per month Register for InstaAlert service and receive updates on your account as and when the select transaction happens – all this without visiting the branch or ATM! . Fees and Charges for Apex Current Account:[pic] Minimum Balance (Average Quarterly Balance)Rs. 10, 00,000/- per quarter Non-Maintenance Charges per quarter:Charge of Rs.5,000/- per quarter if AQB is less than Rs.10,00,000 but greater than or equal to Rs. 5,00,000/-; Rs.10,000/- per quarter if AQB is less than Rs. 5,00,000/- Cheque Book Charges (Issued By Bank) Payable-at-par 500 cheque leaves free per month. Charges Rs 2/- per leaf beyond 500 leaves Other Current Account Facilities Issue of Duplicate / Adhoc StatementRs. 100 at Branch, Rs. 30 per statement through Net Banking and Phone Banking (IVR), Rs. 50 per statement through Phone Banking (non-IVR), ATM and Mobile Banking Mode of calculation of minimum average quarterly balanceAverage of daily closing balances of each day spread over a period of three months Remittance facility through own Bank Demand Drafts (DD) Payable at HDFC Bank Locations (Issued from Any branch)/ Duplicate DDFree without limit Pay Orders (PO) – on HDFC Bank Location (Issued from Any branch)/ Duplicate PO Free without limit Issuance of DD / PO through Phone Banking-Free without limit Only DD amount up to Rs. 5, 00,000 for Current Apex Account holders accepted at Phone Banking DD/PO-Cancellation/RevalidationRs.50/- per instrument NEFT/EFT Transactions: Payments-Free CollectionsFree RTGS Transactions: Payments-Free CollectionsFree Local Transactions (At home branch location) Local cheques collections paymentsFree Account to Account Fund Transfer within HDFC Bank-Free Anywhere Transactions (except Dahej) Account-to-Account Fund Transfer within HDFC BankFree Clearing Transactions-Collections Payment at HDFC Bank locations-Free Bulk Transaction Charges: All transactions are subject to a maximum of 500 transactions per month, beyond which charges @ Rs.5/- per transaction would be levied. Includes all Local / Anywhere clearing and funds transfer transactions. Remittance facility through other Bank Issue of Demand Drafts (DD) / Duplicate DD (Correspondent tie up)-Free up to Rs 15 Lacs per month, beyond which charges of Rs. 1.50 per 1000, Minimum Rs. 50/- per instrument DD-Cancellation / Revalidation-Rs.50/- per instrument Cheque Collection Outstation Cheque collection on HDFC Bank Locations-Free Outstation Cheque Collection on non-branch locationsCorrespondent bank locations: Rs.3/- per Rs.1, 000/-, min Rs. 50/-. For Clean locations (non-correspondent bank locations) non-MICR cheques: Rs 4.5/- per Rs 1000/-, min of Rs 50 per transaction (includes courier charges) Cash Transactions 1. Cash Deposit Cash Deposit-Home Branch CityFree up to Rs. 100 Lakh per month or 50 Transactions whichever is lower. Deposit in excess of Rs. 100 Lakh per month or 50 transactions will be charged @ Rs.1/- per Rs. 1000/-, minimum Rs.50/-. (Cash deposit at non- home branches within home branch city subject to limit of Rs.1,00,000/- per account per day) Cash Deposit Non Home Branch City Charges @ Rs 3 per Rs 1000/-, minimum of Rs 50 per transaction. (Maximum deposit allowed up to Rs 1, 00,000/- per day) 2. Cash Withdrawal Cash Withdrawal-Home BranchFree. Cash Withdrawal-Non Home Branch-Intercity IntracityFree cash withdrawals up to Rs.2,00,000/- per day, beyond which charges @ Rs. 2/- per Rs.1000/-, min Presenting maximum benefits and minimum hassles for you with Max Current Account! With a Rs. 5 lakhs average quarterly balance requirement, we present to you a world of privileges that helps your business expand and grow. Features like maximum free transaction limits including other beneficial features on this current account truly enhances your business potential to the Maximum. Features Benefits Maximum transactional benefits with faster mobilization of funds Average quarterly balance requirement of Rs. 5, 00,000/- Access to more than 750 branches Huge cost savings in inter-city transactions for payable-at-par cheque issuance, funds transfers, NEFT, RTGS or Demand Draft / Pay Order Faster collection of outstation cheques: Free Account to Account funds transfer between HDFC Bank accounts Free payment and collection through RTGS Free payment and collection using NEFT (through Net Banking) Free Demand Drafts which can be issued from any HDFC Bank branch Free Pay Orders which can be issued from any HDFC Bank branch Free anywhere collection payment (clearing) up to Rs. 5 Crore per month within HDFC Bank branch network (except Dahej) Convenience to withdraw and deposit cash at all our branches* Free cash deposit up to Rs. 50 Lakh per month across all home branches (subject to a maximum of 50 transactions per month and a per day limit of Rs.1, 00,000/- on cash deposit at a non home branch) Choice of local / Payable at Par cheques. 500 leaves free per month Register for InstaAlert service and receive updates on your account as and when the select transaction happens all this without visiting the branch or ATM! Fees and Charges for Max Current Account †¢ [pic]Description of Charges Minimum Balance (Average Quarterly Balance) Rs. 5, 00,000/- per quarter †¢ Non-Maintenance Charges per quarter Charge of Rs.3,000/- per quarter if AQB is less than Rs.5,00,000 but greater than or equal to Rs. 2,50,000/-; Rs.8,000/- per quarter if AQB is less than Rs. 2,50,000/- Cheque Book Charges (Issued by Bank) 500 cheques leave Free per month. Charges Rs. 2/- per leaf beyond 500 leaves †¢ Other Current Account facilities Issue of Duplicate / Adhoc Statement Rs. 100 at Branch, Rs. 30 per statement through Net Banking Phone Banking (IVR), Rs. 50 per statement through Phone Banking (non-IVR), ATM Mobile Banking Mode of Calculation of Minimum Average Quarterly Balance Average of daily closing balances of each day spread over a period of 3 months. Remittance facility through own Bank: Demand Drafts (DD) Payable at HDFC Bank Locations (Issued from Any branch)/ Duplicate DD Free without limit Pay Orders (PO) – on HDFC Bank Locations (Issued from Any branch)/ Duplicate PO Free without limit Issuance of DD / PO through Phone Banking Free without limit Only DD amount up to Rs. 5, 00,000 for Current Max Accountholders accepted at Phone Banking. DD/PO-Cancellation/Revalidation Rs.50/- per instrument NEFT/EFT Transactions: Payments-Free CollectionsFree RTGS Transactions: PaymentsFree Collections-Free Local Transactions (At home branch location) Local cheques collections paymentsFree Account to Account Fund Transfer within HDFC BankFree Anywhere Transactions (except Dahej) Account to Account Funds Transfer within HDFC BankFree Payments Collections at HDFC Bank Locations (except Dahej) Free up to Rs. 500 Lakh per month, beyond which charges @ Rs. 0.50/1000, min Rs.25/-. †¢ Bulk Transaction Charges All transactions are subject to a maximum of 300 transactions per month, beyond which charges @ Rs.5/- per transaction would be levied. Includes all Local / Anywhere clearing and funds transfer transactions. †¢ Remittance facility through other Bank Issue of Demand Drafts (DD) / Duplicate DD (Correspondent tie up) Rs. 1.50 per 1000, Minimum Rs. 50/- per instrument DD-Cancellation / RevalidationRs.50/- per instrument †¢ Cheque Collection Outstation through own bankFree †¢ Outstation through another bank Correspondent bank locations: Rs.3/- per Rs.1, 000/-, min Rs. 50/-. For Clean locations (non-correspondent bank locations) Non-MICR Cheques: Rs. 4.5 per Rs.1, 000/-, min Rs. 50/- (inclusive of courier charge) Cash Transactions 1. Cash Deposit Cash Deposit-Home Branch City Free up to Rs. 50 Lakh per month or 50 Transactions whichever is lower. Deposit in excess of Rs. 50 Lakh per month or 50 transactions will be charged @ Rs.1/- per Rs. 1000/-, minimum Rs.50/-. (Cash deposit at non- home branches within home branch location subject to limit of Rs.1, 00,000/- per account per day) Cash Deposit Non Home City Maximum Rs.1, 00,000/- per day. Charges @ Rs.3/- per Rs.1,000/-, minimum Rs. 50/- 2. Cash Withdrawal Cash Withdrawal-Home BranchFree at Home Branch Cash Withdrawal-Non Home Branch-Intracity Intracity Free cash withdrawals up to Rs. 1,00,00/- per day, beyond which charges @ Rs. 2/- per Rs.1000/-, min Rs.50/- (Only for incremental amount), Third party cash withdrawal allowed only up to maximum Rs.50,000/- per transaction. 2.8 MARKET PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION: Company Profile:HDFC Bank Limited Ticker:500180 Exchanges:OTH BOM 2008 Sales:124,140,000,000 Major Industry:Financial Sub Industry:Commercial Banks Country:INDIA Employees:37836 3.1 STUDENT’S WORK PROFILE (ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES): I have completed my summer taining in HDFC Bank Limited as a SALES EXECUTIVE. During this training I played some roles and responsibilities are as: ROLE- I have worked as a sales Executive in sales department in HDFC Bank Ltd. My role was to buildup better relationship with Customers. HDFC Bank expects its employees to take up the work of opening current account in their respective locations. My main role was to contact customers and make deal for opening current account, in meeting with customers I represent a demo to customer for current account, are as: RESPONSIBILITIES- †¢ To generate leads for the Bank. †¢ To buildup better relationship with customers. †¢ To increase the sales of the Bank. †¢ To provide awareness about the current account. †¢ To achieve company’s target. 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF LIVE EXPERIENCE: Working with HDFC Bank It was a nice experience. When I entered into the bank, I was very nerves. However after entering I knew the real mean of working with the big organization. We need to follow the rules and regulations of the company. Coming at the exact time in the bank is very important. These things are very important which we need to learn : †¢ How should behave in the organization? †¢ How behave and coordinate with the customer? †¢ How we need to talk to our Boss, our superior and colleges? Working with the HDFC I increased my communication skills. Also I knew the Importance of the coordination among all the employees. All the employees are working as a team. When I was new, the entire employees helped me to learn the work culture HDFC Bank. In this company my work is to buildup the relationship with customers and to provide leads to the company for opening current account and making relationship with the bank. In present time the customers are not very well aware about the HDFC’s products. 3.3 STUDENT CONTRIBUTION TO ORGANIZATION: In this Company I am working as a Sales Executive. In this Organization my role is to buildup better relationship with Customers, and I promote the current account. My contribution towards this organization like: †¢ I provide leads everyday for opening current account. †¢ I make good relationship between Bank and customers. †¢ I provide awareness about the current account through some demos and calling. †¢ I help in making some useful marketing strategies. 1. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT : A questionnaire was prepared with the relevant questions consisting mainly of closed end questions especially dichotomous type which offered the respondents between only two alternatives either (Yes/No). The respondents were personally met and the collection of information was properly administered to avoid non-respondent error. The primary data is collected by cold calling from respected place of branch. The data is collected by using a questionnaire, which is given as an Appendix at the end of this report. 2. SOURCE OF DATA : The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Most of the findings are based on the data collection through interaction with customers. A structured disguised questionnaire is prepared together the information. Close as well as open-ended questions are asked. Some multiple-choice questions are also included. 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY: Main Methodology -: Collection of Primary data (Consumer and Market Research) through Personal Questionnaires Collection of Secondary Data (Study of various Current Account) through Computer Data, Web sites, Books and Magazines. FIELDWORK: The respondents are personally interviewed, for about 3 to 5 minutes on an average to collect the data. The format prepared beforehand was strictly adhered to. Though it was sufficient in itself and could be matched to prospective respondents, personal interviews are conducted to be able to make first hand observation that would reveal some useful information about the subject of study. RESEARCH ANALYSIS: After the collection of data I have categorize the data into – †¢ Primary Data †¢ Secondary Data As we know the data collected in primary mode is more reliable in the comparison of secondary data. So we depend more on the primary data. SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA: †¢ Survey †¢ Personal SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA: †¢ Through internet †¢ Branch manager approvals †¢ Personal vehicle dealers †¢ Brochure of the bank 4. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: The Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited was introduced in 1994, after the Reserve Bank of India approved private sector banking. Operating in over 300 Indian cities, HDFC Bank has over 700 branches and 1600 ATMs. It offers personal, NRI and wholesale banking services. Net profit for the March 2006-2007 reached Rs. 1,141.5 crore. In early 2007, HDFC officially entered the microfinance market and opened branches that provide funding to self-help microfinance group. After finding primary and secondary data I find: 1. Customers don’t know about the advantage of our current account. 2. Customers are less aware about the benefits Providing Company. 3. Customers have no more knowledge about the HDFC Bank limited. 4. HDFC reduces the complexity of current account. 5. HDFC provides best way to earn more profit. 6. HDFC is beneficial for making profit and various types of works. 7. The procedure of HDFC is very easy. [pic] 1. SUMMARY OF LEARNING EXPERENCE: HDFC Ltd has the objective to enhance residential housing stock and promote home ownership. Their offerings range from hassle-free home loans and deposit products, to property related services and a training facility. They also offer specialized financial services to the customer base through partnerships with some of the best financial institutions worldwide. HDFC Bank began operations in 1995 with a simple mission: to be a World-class Indian Bank. We realized that only a single-minded focus on product quality and service excellence would help us get there. Today, we are proud to say that we are well on our way towards that goal. It is extremely gratifying that our efforts towards providing customer convenience have been appreciated both nationally and internationally. So that I learn many important things from HDFC and market are as: 1. I have gained live experience of marketing. 2. I find all types of help from my training in charge. 3. I have gained knowledge in the field of HDFC. 4. I find there are many customers are not aware about the HDFC. 5. I find there are lots of opportunities in the Banking Sector. 2. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Conclusion HDFC Ltd has the objective to enhance residential housing stock and promote home ownership. Their offerings range from hassle-free home loans and deposit products, to property related services and a training facility. They also offer specialized financial services to the customer base through partnerships with some of the best financial institutions worldwide. HDFC Bank began operations in 1995 with a simple mission: to be a World-class Indian Bank. We realized that only a single-minded focus on product quality and service excellence would help us get there. Today, we are proud to say that we are well on our way towards that goal. It is extremely gratifying that our efforts towards providing customer convenience have been appreciated both nationally and internationally. . Besides we also have a dedicated technical team as well as customer care services and its procedure is also very simple. Recommendations 1. To provides awareness about Current Account and its uses to customers. 2. To open maximum and Big accounts for getting more profit. 3. To target not only metro cities, target all big and small city or village. 4. To build the customer relationship 5. To improve its marketing strategies 6. To improve its selling process [pic] COPY OF QUESTIONNAIRE: 1. Are you aware about Current Account? a. Yes b. No 2. Are you aware about current account providing HDFC Bank? a. Yes b. No 3. Are you aware about HDFC Bank Limited? a. Yes b. No 4. Are you aware about the procedure of Current Account? a. Yes b. No 5. Is HDFC reduces the complexity of Current Account procedure? a. Yes b. No 6. Is HDFC provides you cheap and best way to earn money and to make you a independent owner? a. Yes b. No 7. Are you aware about the profit volume ratio doing business with HDFC? a. Yes b. No 8. Are you interested to open current account in HDFC Bank ? a. Yes b. No BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. www.hdfcbankltd.com 2. www.hdfc.in 3. www.google.com 4. Business Today 5. India Today [pic] Sales Executive Team Leader Sales Manager Area Sales Manager Area Sales Head Regional Sales Manager Zonal Sales Manager National Sales Manager

When will child labor cease to exist? Essay -- Essays Papers

When will child labor cease to exist? Child labor is and has always been a difficult problem to address. In the global market system which exists today, the problem has become that much more difficult. Now more than ever before, markets are interdependent, and the regulation and governance of them is a convoluted process to say the least. The regulatory structure is not intact; no one knows who will regulate such issues, internationally and locally, governmentally, and in the private sector. Also, current economic practice makes it difficult to in one broad stroke ban the practice of child labor, for fear of eliminating the nation’s area of comparative advantage, cheap labor. Not only is the problem of child labor one of economics, but it is also one that raises very difficult ethical questions. This paper will attempt to weigh the economic factors both locally and internationally, against common ethical principles which are certainly to be raised when one discusses child labor. Based upon the situation some specific sectors where the practice of child labor is taking place. Depending upon the economic conditions of a country, and other external factors, some families could be faced with the prospect of starvation if their child is not earning some income to ensure the survival of the family. One question that is raised early in the analysis of child labor is, is child labor categorically wrong? The practice of child labor was a long standing institution in many western European countries, and had a general glint of acceptance. It was only in the nineteenth century that we find the rise of the contemporary ideal of childhood emerge, and the wave of anti child labor sentiment reach a stage where it faded away ... ... practice of harmful child labor obsolete. The institution of education is the most important aspect to building economies to a point where they may rise out of the child labor trap. Education must be gradually intra nationally and internationally be subsidized, while simultaneously providing some form of economic aid or reform to these countries that make it possible for the families in these poor countries in Asia and Africa to keep their child out of dangerous labor, and in school. What is in essence proposed, is a gradual effort of the international community. Bibliography http://econ.cudenver.edu/beckman/econ4410/basu.pdf http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html http://www.nclnet.org/clc.htm http://www.hrw.org/children/labor.htm http://www.hrw.org/wr2k2/children.html#Child%20Labor http://www.empereur.com/DOC/Child_Labor.html

henry fayol theory of management Essay

In rhetoric, the places were citizens exchange ideas, information, attitude and opinions.   The concept of Habermas public sphere is a metaphorical term used to describe the virtual space where people can interact through the world wide web, for instance is not actually a web, cyberspace is not a space, and so with the public sphere. It’s the virtual space where the citizens of a country exchange ideas and discuss issues in order to reach agreement about ‘matters of general interest’(Jurgen, Habermas 1997:105) HISTORY OF JURGEN HABERMAS Jurgen Habermas was born in Dusseldorf, Garmany in 1929, he had served in the Hilter youth and had been sent to them. The western front during the final months of the war. Habermas entrance onto the intellectual scence began in 1950s with an influential critique of Martin Heideggers philosophy.  He studied philosophy at universities of Gottingen and Bonn, which he followed with studies in philosophy and sociology at the institute of social research under Maz Horkheimer and Theoder Adono. In the 1960s and 70s he target at the university of Heidelberg and Frankfurt am main. He then accepted a directorship at the Max Pianck institution in stamberg in 1971. In 1980 he won prize and two years later he took a professorship at the university of Frankfurt, remaining there until his retirement in 1994. Habermas on the public sphere, he means first at al a dominant of our social life in which something coming out in which public opinion can be formed. The right is guaranteed to all citizen. A position of the public sphere comes in being in every conversation in which private individuals assemble to form a public body. Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion †¦ i.e, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions†¦ about matters of general interest. The contemporary publics sphere is characterized according to Habermas. By the weathering of its critical roles and capacities. In the past publicity was used to subject people or the present political decisions to the public. Today the public sphere is recruited for the use of hidden policies by interest groups. For Habermas, the principles of the public sphere are weakening in the 20th century. The public is no longer made out of masses of individuals but of organized people that institutionally exerting their influence on the public sphere and debate. Habermas introduces the concepts of â€Å"communicative power† as the key normative resources for countering the norn-free steering media of money and administrative power. Linking †˜communication’ with ‘power’ already suggests a mix of the normative resources of communicative action with the impersonal force of power. Is such a conceptual mix stable? As the source for democratic legitimation of the use of state power, communicative power is a central notion in Habermas’s democratic theory. Although, in the medium of in restricted communication†¦ new problem situation can be perceived more sensitively, discourses aimed at achieving self-understanding can be conducted more widely and expressively, collective identities and need interpretations can be articulated with fewer compulsions then is the case in procedurally regulated public sphere. HOW HABERMAS ANALYSIS PUBLIC COMMUNICATION Habermas analysis public communication in medieval times there existed no separation or distinction between private and public sphere, dure to the class pyramid of the feudal system. This system for Habermas positioned greater power at every level and to this day conventions regarding the ruler persisted, with political authority retained by the highest level. Rulers saw the state and not as representatives of the state – meaning that they represent their power to the people and not for the people. According to Habermas, by the late 18th century feudal institutions were finally disappearing along with church’s rule, making way to public power which was given autonomy. Rulers become public entities and professionalism bore the first signs of the bourgeois which become autonomous in relation to the government. Representational publicity was pushed over by a public force that formed around national and territorial sentiment and individual struggling with public power found themselves outside its collective power. The term â€Å"public† did not refer to the representation of a man with authority, but rather became the legitimate power of exercising power. The public sphere, according to Habermas, was the final stage of these developments. HOW IMPORTANT HARBERMAS THEORY Solutions can be raised and tested for potential objections without the pressure to put ‘opinion’ immediately in practice. Uncoupling communicated opinions from concrete practical obligations tends to have an intellectualizing effect. Furthermore, a great deal of political communication that does not immediately call for political action is certainly crucial to the political discourse a robust, democratic society. Free sphere plays an essential role in the political process as a cooperative search for truth. We should not be misled into thinking that the public sphere amounts to nothing more than a public arena in which people talk about politics. Nor does the public sphere have merely instrumental value for bringing ‘relevant information’ into political process. The public sphere is a normative  concept that plays a key role in the process that culminates in legitimate political decisions. According to Habermas, institutionalized democratic lawmaking and judicial review alone are insufficient to confer democratic legitimacy. Alone with legislative decisions, judicial and administrative decision are only ensured legitimacy through the normative reasons generated by an un-subverted public sphere. Otherwise, political decisions are dedicated by the power struggles within the political system and not by citizens themselves who, as the addresses of the law, are the ones affected. Without robust political public sphere, there is little check on the administrative power that dictates the flow of communication and power within the political system and the citizenry. Thus, the public sphere theory is more inanely an arena for talking politics. It is the primary site for detecting problems, for generating radical democratic infuses, and for the deliberation of citizens, all of which are necessary for democratic legitimacy. In the following, I distinguish the important normative aspects of the informal public sphere theory. 1. Its communicative and organizational structure 2. The capacities required to meet its deliberate role within a deliberative politics and 3. The qualified out comes or effects generated by the public sphere. This last aspect will lead into the discussion of crucial role of communicative power. REFERENCE www.slideshare.net/†¦/public-sphere en.wilipedia.org/wiki/public.sphere publicsphere.nard.ru/Habermaspubsphere†¦ grammer.about.com/†¦/publicsphereterm†¦.. pages.gseis.ucla.edu/†¦/habermas.htm

Mahogany Seed as a Termiticide to Kill Termites

Mahogany used in multistory systems in the Philippines, boat and ship building and patternmaking. Logs are used for the manufacture of veneers and for paneling. It is also used as shade for coffee and cacao. Mahogany is regarded as the worlds finest timber for high-class furniture and cabinetwork. Its popularity is especially due to its attractive appearance in combination with ease of working,excellent finishing qualities and dimensional stability. Mahogany is also often used for interior trim suchas paneling, doors and decorative borders.It is used for boat building, often as a decorative wood for luxury yatch and ocean liners, although it is also used when a medium-weight timber with other goodqualities is required. It is sometimes applied make it particularly suitable for precision woodwork suchas models and patterns, instrument cases, clocks, printer's block and parts of musical instruments; for these purposes, uniform straight-grained material is used. Other minor uses include burial caskets, woodcarvings, novelties, toys and turnery.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYMahogany a large tropical tree with a symmetrical appearance, best-known for its valuableheartwood. The tree is also appreciated as a beautiful and useful street tree. A fast-growing, graceful,straight-trunked, semi-deciduous tree growing to 30-70ft. Most trees, particularly planted street treesgrow to 30-40ft. It looses its leaves just as new leafs sprout, so while deciduous, the tree is not withoutleaves for long. Tiny flowers are followed by 4-5†³, woody fruits that burst open to expel the seeds. Mahogany is a valuable hardwood and this tree was once extensively harvested for its wood.A relatedtree, S. macrophylla, now provides most commercial mahogany. The tree also makes an excellent streettree specimen in warmer climates as is popular for this purpose. Miami, Florida has numerousmahogany trees planted throughout the city for this purpose. The termites are a group of eusocial insects usually c lassified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera (but see also taxonomy below). Along with ants and some bees and wasps which are all placedin the separate order Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among gender lines, produce overlappinggenerations and take care of young collectively.Termites mostly feed on dead plant material, generallyin the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung, and about 10% of the estimated 4,000 species(about 2,600 taxonomically known) are economically significant as pests that can cause seriousstructural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detritivores, particularlyin the subtropical and tropical regions, and their recycling of wood and other plant matter is of considerable ecological importance. Their role in bioturbation on the Khorat Plateau is under investigation.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYNowadays, people usually choose new innovations (features) to kill termites or any other pests. Pesticides are usually used to kill a particular target pest, many will also kill or harm species that thefarmer or other user is not targeting. For example, pesticides applied to crops might be washed intostreams or lakes and harm fish, beneficial insects, birds, or even find their way into drinking water sources. With this regard topic it includes improvement in human quality of life and lower food costs. Contributed significantly to improving the quality of life and safeguarding the environment.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMIt should be only used and tested in termites.B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKHYPOTHESISMahoganyseed extract Used a stermiticide tokill termitesOBSERVATORY;On Savanna, Termites Are a Force for Good By SINDYA N. BHANOOPublished: June 1, 2010The African savanna has a cornucopia of majestic creatures — lions, elephants and giraffes amongthem. But behind the scenes, it is the tiny termite that fuels much of this diversity, a new study reports. Researchers studying termites in Kenya's central highlands found that the abundance of flora andfauna is markedly higher atop termite mounds.†We noticed these circular green patches,† said Todd Palmer, a co-author of the study and a professorof biology at the University of Florida. †They had a lot of vegetation and plant material on top of them,and the grass was greener than in other areas. †The patches were 30 feet in diameter and spaced several hundred feet apart. Dr. Palmer and his colleagues did some digging, and underneath each patch they found millions of termites in subterranean mounds. Quantitatively, they found that plants grow about 60 percent largeron the patches compared with other areas.The nitrogen content of the plants on the mound is about20 percent higher, and trees on mounds bear 120 percent more fruit. Animal populations also droppedoff significantly the farther they were located from a patch. Termite mounds are rich in nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and termites also help loosen soilto p romote water absorption, Dr. Palmer said. Other animals visit the lush patches to eat and end updefecating and urinating there, adding their own nutrients and triggering more plant growth. In the human world, termites are seen as pests for their remarkable ability to eat into dead wood.Butin the animal kingdom, Dr. Palmer said, this is what makes them so desirable. †They are basically consuming dead wood and plant materials,† he said. †In their absence, that would just lie there and there would be no way to break down the organic material and convert it to nitrogenand phosphorus. †How Termites Live on a Diet of Wood By NNIICCHHOOLLAASSWWAADDEE Published: November 14, 2008 If only wood could be converted tobbiioof f uueellss, there would be no need to wait a million years for thetrees to be buried and become oil. Wood isindeed convertible to useful chemicals, because termitesdo it every day, causing $1 billion of damage every year in the United States. But to live on a diet of wood is challenging, not least because wood contains so little nitrogen. So how do termites do it? Visual ScienceScientists rely on graphics and other visuals to present their findings to the world. This feature takesraw graphics from various scientific journals and unpacks the stories they tell. The trick lies in a cunning triple symbiosis, a team of Japanese scientists report in Fridays issue of Science.In the termites gut lives an amoeba-like microbe called a protist, and inside each protist livesome 10,000 members of an obscure bacterium. The microbes in the termites gut are very hard to cultivate outside their termite host and so cannot bestudied in the lab. The Japanese scientists, led by Yuichi Hongoh and Moriya Ohkuma at the RIKENAdvanced Science Institute in Saitama, have cut through this problem. They extracted the protistsbacteria directly from a termites gut, collected enough to analyze their DNA, and then decoded the1,114,206 units of DNA in the bacter iums genome. WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2007Entomologists discover cellulase genes in termite gutS As scientists search for alternatives to fossil fuel, producing chemical energy from wood fiber has become a big challenge. Several research organisations and biotech companies are trying to discover enzymes that break down cellulose into glucose in an efficient way (earlier post). However, termites have been working this alchemy for millions of years. A University of Florida (UF) study published last month in the journal Gene sheds new light on the mysterious and complex process that enables the insects to eat the cellulose, the main structural component of plant cells.For people and most animals, cellulose is indigestible, but termites break it down easily into glucose, a form of sugar most organisms need. These sugars can be fermented into bio-products, such as ethanol or bioplastics. The study identifies four genes that produce enzymes responsible for taking cellulose molecules apart in a process called cellulase (picture, click to enlarge) insight that could lead to breakthroughs in energy production and pest control, said Michael Scharf, an assistant research scientist with UF’s entomology department and a co-author of the paper.The scientists looked at the dominant termite species in the U. S. but they are sure they haven't identified all the genes involved in producing these enzymes yet. Only one of the genes actually belongs to the insect researchers studied, the eastern subterranean termite. The other three belong to microscopic organisms known as symbionts that live inside the termite’s digestive system: â€Å"The termites provide the symbionts with a home, and the symbionts pay the rent by producing enzymes,† says Sharf. Altogether, there may be hundreds of cellulose-digesting enzymes produced by the termites and their tiny tenants, Scharf said.One potential payoff from the research is that scientists may be able to transfer specific enzyme-producing genes into bacteria, then culture them to produce large quantities of enzymes to make ethanol from wood scraps and other fibrous materials, he said. Known as cellulosic ethanol, this fuel has gained worldwide attention because it doesn’t require edible material such as corn, used in conventional ethanol production. The interaction of multiple genes makes cellulose digestion an efficient process in termites, but scientists want to pin down enzyme combinations that will digest cellulose affordably, Scharf said.Many genes remain undiscovered, and UF researchers have applied for funding to support a massive effort to identify all cellulose-digesting genes in the eastern subterranean termite and its common symbionts. Greater genetic knowledge could also aid in termite control, an important issue in Florida, which accounts for about one-third of control efforts in the United States, said Phil Koehler, a UF entomology professor and co-author of the paper. By identi fying enzymes most crucial to termite digestion, scientists may be able to kill the insects by shutting down selected genes, he said.Termite-control strategies, such as bait systems or treated lumber, would be environmentally friendly because they would have no effect on organisms that don’t eat cellulose, he said. â€Å"Anything we do with this kind of work will reduce the need for conventional pesticides,† Koehler said. Development of enzyme-blocking products could happen but will require attention to termite behavior, said Brian Forschler, an entomology professor at the University of Georgia in Athens. Recent research shows that termites, which live in colonies that can number 1 million, often consume partially digested material excreted by their compatriots, he said.So it would be important that bait products not disrupt termites’ feeding behavior. If it did, termites might avoid an enzyme-stopping bait and instead share more partially digested food. â€Å" You just have to remember that you’re dealing with an entire termite colony,† Forschler said. â€Å"This research holds a great deal of promise. † Further termite genetics research could reveal effective methods of disrupting termite social behavior, perhaps in ways that cause the insects to die, said Faith Oi, an assistant extension scientist with UF’s entomology and nematology department.â€Å"The model for exploiting the termite’s social behavior for control is not new,† said Oi, another co-author of the paper. â€Å"In terms of pest control, we can look to this area of science enhancing existing methods. † Bed Bug Herbal Remedies Work Well With Traps July 15, 2013 THE NEEM TREE (Azadirachta indica), a medicinal mahogany tree (Meliaceae) native to arid broadleaf and scrub forests in Asia (e. g. India), has been used for over 4,000 years in Vedic medicine and has a heavy, durable wood useful for furniture and buildings because it is resistant to termites and fungi.Nonetheless, despite US EPA registration as a pesticide for crop and home use and a long legacy of neem seed oil use for cosmetics, shampoos, toothpastes and medicines in India, Ohio State University researcher Susan Jones could not find any households near her Columbus, Ohio, home willing to try neem in her bed bug control experiments. â€Å"We had no study takers because of the regulatory requirements,† which scared off people, Jones told the Entomological Society of America (ESA) Annual Meeting.â€Å"You have to read page after page to residents about toxicity without being able to talk about the toxicity of alternative products† not as safe as neem. In October 2012, an empty house with bed bugs became available for research when its occupant opted to escape a bad bed bug infestation by leaving the infested home; and inadvertently transferred the infestation to their new home. Jones monitored the empty house by placing in each room fo ur (4)Verifi(TM) CO2 (carbon dioxide) traps and four (4) Climbup(R) Interceptor traps. Visual inspections revealed few bed bugs.On October 24, 2012, prior to neem treatments, 38 bed bugs were captured in Climbup(R) traps, indicating bed bug infestations only in the master bedroom and bed of the empty house. Eight Verifi(TM) traps captured 48 bed bugs in the dining room, guest room and master bedroom. As part of an IPM (integrated pest management) approach using multiple treatment tools: Electrical sockets were treated with MotherEarth(R) D diatomaceous earth; 3. 67 gal (13. 9 l) at a rate of 1 gal/250 ft2 (3. 9 l/23 m2). Gorilla Tape(R) was used to seal around the doors and exclude bed bug movement from other rooms.The neem seed oil product, Cirkil (TM) RTU, was sprayed in various places, including on books, backs of picture frames and cardboard boxes. Vials of the insecticide-susceptible Harlan bed bug strain were placed around the house for on-site neem seed oil vapor toxicity ass ays. Two days after spraying, bed bug mortality from neem seed oil vapors was highest in confined spaces; with 48% mortality in vials placed between the mattress and box spring, versus 28% mortality in open spaces. On Nov. 6, two weeks post-treatment, 123 dead bed bugs were vacuumed up and live bed bugs were detected in a second bedroom.Bed bug numbers were low because the monitoring traps were doing double duty, also providing population suppression by removing many bed bugs. Herbal oils can also be combined with heat chambers at 50 C (122 F) or carbon dioxide (CO2) fumigation chambers to combat bed bugs. However, heat chambers are expensive, and CO2 fumigation with dry ice can pose handling difficulties and room air circulation issues, Dong-Hwan Choe of the University of California, Riverside, told the Entomological Society of America (ESA).Herbal essential oils are useful against head lice, and in Choe’s native Korea clove oil from from the leaves and flower buds of clove plants (Syzygium aromaticum) is used in aromatherapy and as a medicine. Clove oil is rich in GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) compounds such as eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and methyl salicylate (sometimes called wintergreen oil), which are useful as vapors in control of insects and microbes. In dentistry, clove oil (eugenol) is widely used as an antiseptic and pain reliever.Clove essential oils work faster in closed spaces or fumigation chambers (e. g. vials, Mason jars) than in open spaces. Essential oils are even slower to kill bed bugs when orally ingested. In experiments at varied temperatures, Choe placed 10 bed bugs in plastic vials with mesh tops. The vials were placed inside 900 ml (1. 9 pint) Mason jars; filter paper treated with essential oils was placed on the underside of the Mason jar tops. Herbal essential oils worked faster at higher temperatures.For example, methyl salicylate fumigant vapors provided 100% bed bug mortality in 30 hours at 26 C (79 F); 10 hours at 3 5 C (95 F); and 8 hours at 40 C (104 F). Eugenol vapors produced similar results; there were no synergistic or additive effects from combining eugenol and methyl salicylate. Choe told the ESA that his future trials will include: botanical oil granules; exposing bed bug-infested items to essential oil vapors; and checking for sublethal essential oil effects on parameters such as female bed bug reproduction.Narinderpal Singh of Rutgers placed bed bugs on cotton fabric squares treated (half left untreated) with synthetic pesticide and herbal essential oil products: 1) Temprid(TM) SC, a mixture of imidacloprid and cyfluthrin (neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides); 2) Ecoraider(TM) (Reneotech, North Bergen, NJ) contains FDA GRAS ingredients labeled as â€Å"made from extracts of multiple traditional herbs that have been used in Asia for hundreds of years for therapy and to repel insects;† 3) Demand(R) CS, which contains lambda-cyhalothrin (a pyrethroid insecticide); 4) Bed Bu g Patrol(R) (Nature’s Innovation, Buford, FL), a mixture with the active ingredients listed as clove oil, peppermint oil and sodium lauryl sulfate. && Temprid(TM) SC and Demand(R) CS proved best on the cotton fabric test. In arena bioassays with Climbup(R)Interceptor traps, none of the four insecticides were repellent to bed bugs (i. e. repellency was less than 30%). Ecoraider(TM) was equal to Temprid(TM) SC and Demand(R) CS against the tough to kill bed bug eggs. Singh concluded that field tests of Ecoraider(TM) as a biopesticide were warranted.Changlu Wang of Rutgers told the ESA that travelers might be protected from bed bug bites and bring home fewer bed bugs if protected by essential oil repellents, as well as by more traditional mosquito and tick repellents like DEET, permethrin and picaridin. Repellents are more convenient and less expensive than non-chemical alternatives such as sleeping under bed bug tents and bandaging yourself in a protective suit. Isolongifolenone , an odorless sesquiterpene found in the South American Tauroniro tree (Humiria balsamifera), is among the botanicals being studied, as it can also be synthesized from turpentine oil and is as effective as DEET against mosquito and tick species.Bed bug arena tests involve putting a band of repellent around a table leg, with a Climbup(R)Interceptor trap below. If the bed bug falls into the trap, it is deemed to have been repelled from the surface above. In actual practice, the bed bug climbs up the surface and goes horizontal onto the treated surface and drops or falls off if the surface is repellent. Isolongifolenone starts losing its repellency after 3 hours; 5%-10% DEET works for about 9 hours. In arena tests with host cues, 25% DEET keeps surfaces repellent to bed bugs for 2 weeks. But isolongifolenone is considered safer, and Wang is testing higher rates in hopes of gettting a full day’s protection. How to Kill Termites: Treatment Options for HomeownersDon’t let th eir size fool you, termites are far from harmless. These small white insects feed on untreated wood piles around homes and can even start up a colony within the structure of your home–where wood is abundant. When termites find their way into homes, they can cause serious structural damage that requires costly repairs. If you’re wondering how to kill termites, contacting a professional to address the problem is the best treatment method you can choose to maintain the integrity of your home. There are different methods you can use to kill termites around your home, but remember that your safest option is to contact a professional to treat your home and property.If you’re waiting for your exterminator to come and inspect your home and you want to be proactive, there are a couple of different treatment options you can try. 1. Boric acid- This white powder is commonly used to kill roaches, but it works with termites as well. You can sprinkle it around the foundation of your home to keep termites from coming in. You’ll need to repeat this treatment every few days for at least two weeks before you notice a decline in the number of termites in your home. 2. Bait blocks-You can also place bait blocks around your home. You can find these in most grocery or hardware stores. These traps contain wood that’s been treated with pesticide.Once the termites find these traps, they’ll carry the poisoned wood back to the queen. Once the queen dies, the termites will be unable to reproduce. 3. Termiticide- If you know the location of the infestation, you can spray the area with a non-repellant termiticide, or you can sprinkle the area with Bio-Blast. Termites that come into contact with pest control products will infect other termites until that infection reaches the queen. However, it may take up to three months before your termite problem is under control. Home treatments can be less expensive than hiring a professional exterminator, but if you don’t treat the problem properly, termite damage can be costly.Your safest option is to contact a professional if you have any suspicion that termites are present. Contacting a professional to treat your termite problem as soon as possible can help you prevent much of this damage and save you from costly repairs. If you have a termite problem, contact one of the pest control experts at Landscaper. org to take care of the problem before it becomes worse. Research Article Termiticidal Activity of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth Seed Extracts on the Termite Coptotermes intermediusSilvestri (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Bolarinwa Olugbemi Division of Termite Control and Ecology, Termite Research Laboratory, P. M.B. 656, Akure 340001, Nigeria Received 5 October 2011; Revised 14 November 2011; Accepted 28 November 2011 Academic Editor: Arthur G. Appel Copyright  © 2012 Bolarinwa Olugbemi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The chemical and mineral composition of raw and boiled seeds of the African locust bean, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth, was determined while the termiticidal action of the aqueous, alcoholic, and acetone extracts of the bean seeds were investigated.Variations in the proximate and mineral composition of the raw and boiled seeds were obtained while heavy minerals such as cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel, and copper had been leached out of the seed during the process of boiling. Extracts from the raw seeds exhibited varying degree of termiticidal activity, while extracts from the boiled seed had no effect on the workers of Coptotermes intermedius Silvestri. Alcoholic extracts were more active than the aqueous and acetone extracts. Termites die within 30?min, 40?min, and 110?min when exposed to concentration of 4?g?mL?1 treatments of alcoholic, aqueous, and acetone extracts, respectively. 1. Introduction Termites cause the most serious damage of all wood-feeding insects.In addition to timber and wood products, they attack growing trees, leather, rubber, and wool as well as agricultural crops [1]. Significant damage is caused by termites to man-made fabrics, polythene, plastics, metal foils, books, furniture, wooden telephone poles, wooden railway sweepers, and insulators of electric cables [2]. Damage caused by termites to wooden structures in the United States of America is estimated to be over 3 billion Dollars annually, with subterranean termites accounting for at least 80% of these damages [3]. Costs attributable to Coptotermes formosanus in the Hawaiian Islands alone are greater than 60 million Dollars per annum [4].Termites are so destructive in that they derive their nutrition from wood and other cellulotic materials. In Africa and elsewhere in the developing countries, there is hardly any data on either the quantum of damage d one by termites to agricultural crops, construction timbers, paper, and paper products, or the cost of control or repairing the damage done by these insect pests. The damage done by various termite species in Nigeria [2] ranged from scavenging on tree barks and dead branches, to eating out grooves in the roots and stems of plants. Past research efforts had focused more on chemical methods of control, with an obvious lack of attention placed on understanding the behavior and history of these termites.In view of mounting concerns over the side effect caused by the use of these toxic and environmentally unfriendly chemicals, direction of research is now focusing on alternative nontoxic, biological, and environmentally friendly methods of control. These methods include baiting systems, use of asphyxiant gases, application of extreme temperatures, barriers of various types, as well as biological control organisms [3, 5]. Extractives with insecticidal properties from naturally resistant w ood and plant species in form of phenolic, terpenoid, and flavonoid compounds, show great promise for prevention of termite attack [6–9]. Some of these substances may also act as feeding deterrent [10–12].The termite Coptotermes formosanus was found to be attracted and preferentially feed upon the amino acids, glutamic and aspartic acids [13]. These could be used to improve the effectiveness of baiting systems. Many of the chemicals causing attraction and avoidance in several tree species are polar molecules [14]. Investigation has shown that steaming of the heartwood of the Japanese larch, degraded or removed the chemicals responsible for the inhibition of termite attack [15]. A number of tree species such as the Alaska cedar, redwood, and teak [16] are resistant to termite attack. Neem was found to be a strong repellent to Coptotermes formosanus and was suggested as a barrier tree to protect more vulnerable plants [17].The use of high levels of carbon dioxide, for ex tended period of time has been successfully used to control termites in contained spaces [4]. The application of heated air to kill termites has shown to be successful in laboratory bioassays [18]. Liquid nitrogen has also been shown to be effective in eliminating termites in the laboratory [3]. These temperature-based control methods are showing great promise, but need more field studies on their effectiveness in natural settings. In other studies [19] Inundation with water was shown to cause a decline in foraging worker population. This could indicate possible applications to control, for example, the controlled flooding of the territories of specific termite colonies to reduce damage by foragers.Barriers to foraging termites that are being tested include sand, crushed granite, glass splinters, and metal shields. These methods have had mixed successes, thereby pointing to the need for more research in this area [3]. The African locust bean, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth, is a pere nnial leguminous tree, found growing wildly in forested and savanna belts in Nigeria. Fermented Parkia seeds are locally used in traditional soup seasoning, medicinal preparations and food additives [20]. In addition, boiled water obtained during fermentation process of P. biglobosa seeds is used in controlling termite infestation at the local level. In spite of this practice, few reports exist on the termiticidal properties of aqueous solution of P. biglobosa seeds.